Concrete in Aggressive Ground - 3rd Edition
A1 Problem of chemical attack
Chemical agents that are destructive to concrete may be
found in the ground. In the UK, sulfates and acids, naturally
occurring in soil and groundwater, are the agents most
likely to attack concrete. The effects can be serious (Figure
A1) resulting in expansion and softening of the concrete to a
mush. A substantial number of other substances are known
to be aggressive, most resulting from human activity, but
collectively these are a lesser problem as they are
encountered only rarely by concrete in the ground.
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