Scale Laboratory Observations of Wave Forces on a Highway Bridge Superstructure
Large-Scale Laboratory Observations of Wave Forces on a Highway Bridge Superstructure
1. Introduction
During Hurricanes Ivan in 2004 and Katrina in 2005, at least eleven highway and railroad bridges along the Gulf Coast of the United States were damaged by a combination of storm surge and wave action (Douglass et al., 2004; Padgett et al., 2008). Damage to these bridges ranged from moderate to catastrophic and necessitated over $850 million in repairs and replacement costs (Florida DOT, 2008; Padgett et al., 2008). Figure 1-1 shows the location of the major bridges damaged. The damaged bridges shared three common characteristics:
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