Seismic Design Of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls And Bridge Abutments
1. INTRODUCTION
It is generally agreed that the stability of retaining walls exposed to earthquakes is not a matter for real concern. In a paper delivered in 1970 at the ASCE Specialty Conference, Professors H. Bolton Seed and Robert V. Whitman said:
"Few cases of retaining wall movement or collapse of walls located above the water table have been reported in the literature on earthquake damage. (...) it seems likely that the small number of accounts of retaining wall performance is not necessarily indicative of the lack of occurrence of wall movements: this type of damage is not particularly dramatic compared with other forms of earthquake damage and thus may often be considered of minor significance."
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